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Basic consideration of research strategies for head and neck cancer

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第4期页码 339-353 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0213-7

摘要：

Head and neck cancer (HNC) consists of a group of malignancies affecting closely related anatomical regions of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), including the oral cavity, salivary glands, upper and lower jaw bones and facial skin; the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx and thyroid gland (although the latter is often excluded and considered as part of endocrine neoplasms). Of these, 90% of HNCs are histologically squamous cell carcinomas originating from the mucosal lining. These malignancies are strongly associated with certain environmental and life-style risk factors, principally tobacco in both smoked and smokeless forms, excessive alcohol consumption, diets poor in antioxidants and essential micronutrients, UV light, chemicals used in certain workplaces, and viruses, principally certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). These cancers are frequently aggressive in their biological behaviour with local invasion and metastasis to lymph nodes in the neck. Since most patients are already at late stages of disease at the time of diagnosis, the desirable practice of early diagnosis (first sign of the malignant lesion at an initial stage ) and early treatment, a critical priority to save lives and retain quality of life, is difficult to implement. Thus, primary prevention has been set as a key goal. This article aims to reinforce the basic knowledge of aetiology, key risk factors related to the development of head and neck cancer, basic features of clinical appearance of this group of cancers, and strategies for prevention and early detection. We also suggest basic research strategies on the basis of current knowledge, which should ultimately lead to the improvement of clinical management.

关键词： clinical management head and neck cancer prevention and early detection research strategies risk factors

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HEMIPTERAN-TRANSMITTED PLANT VIRUSES: RESEARCH PROGRESS AND CONTROL STRATEGIES

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第9卷第1期页码 98-109 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021389

摘要：

About 80% of plant viruses are transmitted by specific insect vectors, especially hemipterans with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Many virus-transmitting insects are also important crop pests that cause considerable losses in crop production. This review summarizes the latest research findings on the interactions between plant viruses and insect vectors and analyzes the key factors affecting insect transmission of plant viruses from the perspectives of insect immunity, insect feeding, and insect symbiotic microorganisms. Additionally, by referring to the latest applications for blocking the transmission of animal viruses, potential control strategies to prevent the transmission of insect-vectored plant viruses using RNAi technology, gene editing technology, and CRISPR/Cas9+ gene-driven technology are discussed.

关键词： control strategies / feeding / immunity / insect vector / microorganism / plant virus

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SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research and immunization strategies for improved control of the COVID-19 pandemic

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第2期页码 185-195 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0913-y

摘要： The record speed at which Chinese scientists identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and shared its genomic sequence with the world, has greatly facilitated the development of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines. It is unprecedented in pandemic control history to develop a dozen successful vaccines in the first year and to immunize over half of the global population in the second year, due to the efforts of the scientific community, biopharmaceutical industry, and regulatory agencies worldwide. The challenges are both great and multidimensional due to the rapid emergence of virus variants and waning of vaccine immunity. Vaccination strategies need to adapt to these challenges to keep population immunity above the herd immunity threshold, by increasing vaccine coverage, especially for older adults and young people, and providing timely booster doses with homologous or heterologous vaccine boosts. Further research should be undertaken to develop more effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants and to understand the best prime-boost vaccine combinations and immunization strategies to provide sufficient and sustainable immune protection against COVID-19.

关键词： COVID-19 pandemics SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

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保障我国草地生态与食物安全的战略和政策

“中国草地生态保障与食物安全战略研究”项目组

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第1期页码 8-16 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.01.002

摘要：

草地是我国面积最大的陆地生态系统，在保障国家生态安全、食物安全和弘扬中华草原文明中具有突出的战略地位。本文分析了我国草地资源、草地生态功能、生产力的现状和变动趋势及其主要的影响因素，阐述了目前和未来我国草地生态保障、草地生产力和草牧业发展面临的机遇、挑战和潜力。在以上内容分析的基础上，提出了我国保障草地生态安全和发展草牧业的战略目标、战略重点、关键措施和主要政策建议。

关键词：草地生态保障食物安全发展战略政策建议

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推进绿色制造建设生态文明——中国绿色制造战略研究

“中国工程院绿色制造发展战略研究”课题组

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第3期页码 53-60 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.03.008

摘要：

我国正处于制造大国迈向制造强国的重要历史阶段，在绿色发展理念的指导下，如何推进制造业与生态环境的协调发展，促进工业文明与生态文明和谐共生，是当前亟待解决的现实问题。绿色制造是制造强国建设的必有之意，是生产方式转变的重要着力点，更是绿色发展的重要组成部分，涵盖了低碳发展和循环发展的全部内容。本文在明晰绿色制造与生态文明建设关系的基础上，深入阐述了绿色制造的科学内涵、目标和评价体系，基于我国绿色制造已取得的成绩和现实发展困境，提出了推进我国绿色制造的战略方向，最后从顶层设计、队伍建设、创新体系、服务平台、体制机制及国际合作等方面给出了政策建议。

关键词：生态文明绿色制造工程科技战略对策

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我国石油天然气管材再制造发展战略研究

“我国石油天然气管道再制造发展战略研究”课题组

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第3期页码 66-71 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.03.010

摘要：

管材作为石油天然气勘探、开采、运输的重要材料，由于腐蚀、磨损、结垢造成的管材失效，而被大量废弃，在油田堆积如山，造成了巨大的资源浪费和环境污染。本文分析石油天然气废旧管材的处理现状及存在的问题，利用先进的再制造技术对管材再制造的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益进行了论证，提出自主创新的石油天然气管材再制造产业模式及发展建议，为我国石油天然气行业降本增效和节能减排目标的实现提供新理念、新技术，为促进石油天然气行业循环经济的建设提供决策建议。

关键词：石油天然气管材再制造

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综合集成方法的实践——“中国载人航天发展战略”研究方法总结

钱振业,杨广耀,韦德森,程玲珠

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第12期页码 10-15

摘要：

中国要不要搞载人航天？怎么搞载人航天？采取何种发展战略和技术途径，涉及政治、经济、军事、社会和科技诸多方面。遵照钱学森院士创建的系统学提出的“定性与定量相结合的综合集成方法”，结合中国国情，以软科学命题，从指导思想、研究步骤和研究方法几方面进行了研究，研究结果表明，“面对世界载人航天的挑战和机遇，中国载人航天不可不搞，也不能大搞，飞船起步，平稳发展万无一失。盲自赶超或急于缩小差距均将陷入困境，疑虑过多以至坐视不顾，也会失掉机会和希望。”文章对该软科学命题做了总结。

关键词：决策研究综合集成飞船工程

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我国新材料产业发展战略研究

屠海令,张世荣,李腾飞

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第4期页码 90-100 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.04.014

摘要：

新材料产业作为战略性新兴产业的重要组成部分，其发展关系到国民经济、社会发展和国家安全。本文介绍了国内外新材料产业的发展现状，指出了我国新材料产业发展存在的问题，并提出了今后发展的重点方向和政策建议。

关键词：新材料产业发展战略建议

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医疗器械与新型穿戴式医疗设备的发展战略研究

程京,邢婉丽

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第2期页码 68-71 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.02.011

摘要：

医疗器械领域涉及国计民生，发展潜力巨大，但我国医疗器械产业中低端产品较多，高端产品缺乏原创性，发展面临重重困难和挑战。作为快速增长的新兴技术领域，发展新型穿戴式医疗设备具有重要意义。为此，中国工程院启动了“我国全民健康与医药卫生事业发展战略研究”重大咨询项目，其中“医疗器械与新型穿戴式医疗设备的发展战略研究”作为八个重点课题之一，围绕医疗器械与新型穿戴式医疗设备的发展现状和战略需求，研究我国医疗器械产业与新型穿戴式医疗设备领域的现状及特点，分析我国医疗器械国产化与新型穿戴式医疗设备领域健康发展的关键问题，研究该领域的相关政策，理清我国医疗器械发展过程中的重点问题、需求、已有优势和特点，并在此基础上提出了对策建议。

关键词：医疗器械产业分析可穿戴设备发展战略

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秦巴山脉国家中央公园战略发展研究

雷会霞,敬博

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第5期页码 39-45 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.05.006

摘要：

秦巴山脉地区自然生态与历史人文资源丰厚，是国家级自然保护区、森林公园与地质公园最为集中的区域之一。本文基于对秦巴山脉地区资源价值与保护利用现实存在问题的剖析，借鉴其他国家建设国家公园的相关经验，围绕提升秦巴山脉国际影响力、解决资源保护与社会扶贫矛盾的战略目标，探讨秦巴山脉建设国家中央公园的必要性和可行性，并提出在秦巴山脉地区建设国家中央公园的思路和建议。

关键词：秦巴山脉地区国家公园战略研究社会扶贫

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Cooling strategies and transport theories for brain hypothermia resuscitation

LIU Jing

《能源前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第1期页码 32-57 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0004-z

摘要： The brain is one of the most important organs in a biological body whose normal function depends heavily on an uninterrupted delivery of oxygen. Unlike skeletal muscles that can survive for hours without oxygen, neuron cells in the brain are easily subjected to an irreversible damage within minutes from the onset of oxygen deficiency. With the interruption of cardiopulmonary circulation in many cardiac surgical procedures or accidental events leading to cerebral circulation arrest, an imbalance between energy production and consumption will occur which causes a rapid depletion of oxygen due to the interrupted blood-flow to the brain. Meanwhile, the cooling function of the blood flow on the hot tissue will be stopped, while metabolic heat generation in the tissues still keeps running for awhile. Under such adverse situations, the potential for cerebral protection through hypothermia has been intensively investigated in clinics by lowering brain temperature to restrain the cerebral oxygen demands. The reason can be attributed to the decreased metabolic requirements of the cold brain tissues, which allows a longer duration for the brain to endure reduced oxygen delivery. It is now clear that hypothermia would serve as the principal way for neurologic protection in a wide variety of emergency medicines, especially in cerebral damage, anoxia, circulatory arrest, respiratory occlusion, etc. However, although brain cooling has been found uniquely significant in clinical practices, the serious lack of knowledge on the mechanisms involved prevents its further advancement in brain resuscitation. Compared with the expanded trials in clinics, only very limited efforts were made to probe the engineering issues involved, which turns out to be a major obstacle for the successful operation of brain hypothermia resuscitation. From the viewpoint of biothermal medical engineering, the major theories and strategies for administering brain cooling can generally be classified into three categories: heat transfer, oxygen transport and cooling strategy. Aiming to provide a complete overview of the brain hypothermia resuscitation, this article comprehensively summarizes the recent progresses made in theoretical, practical and experimental techniques in the area. Particularly, attention is paid to the mathematical models to quantify the heat and oxygen transport inside the cerebral tissues. Typical cooling strategies to effectively lower brain temperature and thus decrease oxygen consumption rate in the cerebral tissues are analyzed. Approaches to deliver oxygen directly to the target tissues are discussed. Meanwhile, some future efforts worth pursuing within the area of brain cooling are suggested.

关键词： mathematical interruption hypothermia metabolic generation

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Breeding strategies for increasing yield potential in super hybrid rice

Shihua CHENG,Xiaodeng ZHAN,Liyong CAO

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第4期页码 277-282 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2015081

摘要： Super hybrid rice breeding is a new breeding method combining semi-dwarf breeding and heterosis breeding using germplasm and gene-environment interactions. This paper reviews the breeding strategies of super hybrid rice breeding in China, focusing on the utilization of heterosis of indica and japonica subspecies, construction of ideal plant architecture and pyramiding of disease resistant genes in restorer lines. To develop super hybrid rice, considerable effort should be made to explore genes related with high yield, good quality, resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to stresses. Molecular breeding methods in combination with crossing techniques should be adopted in super hybrid rice breeding.

关键词： super hybrid rice breeding strategies yield potential

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USING NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE RUMINAL METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RUMINANTS

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第10卷第3期页码 390-402 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2023504

摘要：

● Microbial fermentation in the rumen is a main source of methane emissions.

关键词： nutritional strategy mitigation microbe methane ruminant

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Management strategies of marine food resources under multiple stressors with particular reference of

Qisheng TANG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第1期页码 85-90 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2014021

摘要：

In this study two main management strategies are discussed: one is to develop resource conservation-based capture fisheries, and the other is to develop environmentally friendly aquaculture. During the resource recovery period, the development of environmentally friendly aquaculture should be encouraged, especially in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, which is adaptive, efficient and sustainable. For future development and better understanding the ecosystem, it is necessary to further strengthen basic research.

关键词： marine ecosystem management strategies food resources Yellow Sea

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Emergency strategies and trends in the management of liver trauma

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第3期页码 225-233 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0186-6

摘要：

The liver is the most frequently injured organ during abdominal trauma. The management of hepatic trauma has undergone a paradigm shift over the past several decades, with mandatory operation giving way to nonoperative treatment. Better understanding of the mechanisms and grade of liver injury aids in the initial assessment and establishment of a management strategy. Hemodynamically unstable patients should undergo focused abdominal sonography for trauma, whereas stable patients may undergo computed tomography, the standard examination protocol. The grade of liver injury alone does not accurately predict the need for operation, and nonoperative management is rapidly becoming popular for high-grade injuries. Hemodynamic instability with positive focused abdominal sonography for trauma and peritonitis is an indicator of the need for emergent operative intervention. The damage control concept is appropriate for the treatment of major liver injuries and is associated with significant survival advantages compared with traditional prolonged surgical techniques. Although surgical intervention for hepatic trauma is not as common now as it was in the past, current trauma surgeons should be familiar with the emergency surgical skills necessary to manage complex hepatic injuries, such as packing, Pringle maneuver, selective vessel ligation, resectional debridement, and parenchymal sutures. The present review presents emergency strategies and trends in the management of liver trauma.

关键词： liver trauma nonoperative management operative management